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重慶建筑加固　碳纖(xian)維加固材料的化學(xue)性能與強伸性能

碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)材(cai)料又(you)被稱為(wei)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)料。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，又(you)稱碳(tan)(tan)(tan)化(hua)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，泛指一些以(yi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)編織或(huo)多(duo)層(ceng)復合而(er)成(cheng)的(de)材(cai)料。因(yin)為(wei)它又(you)輕又(you)堅硬，所以(yi)它的(de)用(yong)途很(hen)廣泛。物理結構與(yu)化(hua)學特性是(shi)(shi)(shi)前(qian)面(mian)為(wei)直徑6微(wei)米的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)與(yu)后面(mian)人(ren)類頭發的(de)比(bi)較每一根碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)由(you)(you)數千條更(geng)微(wei)小(xiao)的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)所組成(cheng)，直徑大(da)約5至8微(wei)米；在原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)層(ceng)面(mian)的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)跟石墨很(hen)相(xiang)近，是(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)一層(ceng)層(ceng)以(yi)六角型排列的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)所構成(cheng)；一般碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)密度為(wei)1750 kg/m3。導熱能(neng)力高但傳電能(neng)力低(di)，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)比(bi)熱容量亦比(bi)銅低(di)；當加熱的(de)時候，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)會(hui)變厚而(er)短(duan)；雖然碳(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)天然顏色是(shi)(shi)(shi)黑(hei)色，但可(ke)以(yi)把它染上不同的(de)顏色。

碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維是含(han)碳(tan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)高于90％的無機高分子纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維 。其(qi)中含(han)碳(tan)量(liang)(liang)(liang)高于99％的稱石墨纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維。碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維的軸向強(qiang)度(du)和模(mo)量(liang)(liang)(liang)高，無蠕變，耐(nai)疲勞性(xing)好，比熱及(ji)導電(dian)性(xing)介于非金(jin)屬和金(jin)屬之間(jian)，熱膨脹系數小，耐(nai)腐蝕性(xing)好，纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維的密度(du)低，X射(she)線透過性(xing)好。但其(qi)耐(nai)沖擊(ji)性(xing)較差(cha)，容易(yi)損傷，在強(qiang)酸作用(yong)下(xia)發生氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)，與金(jin)屬復(fu)合(he)時會(hui)發生金(jin)屬碳(tan)化(hua)(hua)、滲碳(tan)及(ji)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學腐蝕現(xian)象。因(yin)此，碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維在使用(yong)前須(xu)進(jin)行表面處理。 

編輯本段(duan)制備(bei)  碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)可分別用聚(ju)丙烯(xi)腈纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)、瀝青纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)、粘膠絲(si)(si)或酚(fen)醛纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)經碳(tan)(tan)化制得；按狀態(tai)分為長絲(si)(si)、短(duan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)和短(duan)切纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)；按力(li)學性能分為通用型(xing)(xing)和高(gao)(gao)性能型(xing)(xing) 。通用型(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)強(qiang)度為1000兆帕(pa)（MPa）、模(mo)(mo)量為100GPa左右。高(gao)(gao)性能型(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)又分為高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)型(xing)(xing)（強(qiang)度2000MPa、模(mo)(mo)量250GPa）和高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)（模(mo)(mo)量300GPa以(yi)上）。強(qiang)度大于4000MPa的又稱為超高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)型(xing)(xing)；模(mo)(mo)量大于450GPa的稱為超高(gao)(gao)模(mo)(mo)型(xing)(xing)。隨著航天和航空工業的發展(zhan)，還出現了高(gao)(gao)強(qiang)高(gao)(gao)伸型(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)，其(qi)延伸率大于2％。用量最大的是聚(ju)丙烯(xi)腈PAN基碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)。

目前應用較普遍的碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)主要是聚丙烯(xi)腈(jing)碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)和瀝青碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)。碳(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)的制(zhi)造(zao)包括(kuo)(kuo)纖(xian)維(wei)紡絲、熱穩定化(hua)（預氧(yang)化(hua)）、碳(tan)化(hua)、石(shi)墨(mo)化(hua)等4個過程。其間(jian)伴隨的化(hua)學變(bian)化(hua)包括(kuo)(kuo)，脫氫、環化(hua)、氧(yang)化(hua)及脫氧(yang)等。

由于(yu)(yu)原料、模(mo)(mo)量、強(qiang)度(du)(du)和最后的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱處(chu)(chu)理溫度(du)(du)不(bu)同，產生了(le)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，前(qian)者硬而脆的(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)復合材料，軟而柔順的(de)(de)(de)(de)常(chang)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)紡織；后者多(duo)被用(yong)于(yu)(yu)工程(cheng)用(yong)料。由于(yu)(yu)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)越來越多(duo)兼之(zhi)其特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)力拉(la)伸(shen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)緊迫性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)擺在(zai)了(le)我(wo)們面(mian)前(qian)。強(qiang)伸(shen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)屬于(yu)(yu)破壞性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)完畢試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)沒有(you)可恢復性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，又因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)后非常(chang)脆弱，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)在(zai)每(mei)次(ci)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)細心、耐(nai)心，試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)前(qian)不(bu)要(yao)(yao)對試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)傷。一(yi)般試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術指標(biao)是(shi)CV值、平(ping)均值等。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉(la)伸(shen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)單(dan)(dan)絲法(fa)(fa)和復絲法(fa)(fa)。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)單(dan)(dan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)以(yi)后非常(chang)脆弱，剪(jian)切(qie)(qie)強(qiang)度(du)(du)很低，稍(shao)有(you)不(bu)慎就會(hui)斷(duan)裂，因(yin)(yin)此(ci)在(zai)每(mei)次(ci)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)細心、耐(nai)心，不(bu)要(yao)(yao)對試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)損(sun)傷。單(dan)(dan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)伸(shen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)通常(chang)采用(yong)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框(kuang)法(fa)(fa)固(gu)定(ding)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)，當(dang)然也(ye)不(bu)排除(chu)其他(ta)方法(fa)(fa)。單(dan)(dan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)伸(shen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)能(neng)測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)強(qiang)高(gao)模(mo)(mo)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)力儀。紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框(kuang)法(fa)(fa)固(gu)定(ding)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)，剪(jian)取(qu)(qu)(qu)適當(dang)長度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)該碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin),用(yong)鋼針沿(yan)著纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)方向將其分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)，使試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)蓬松(song)便于(yu)(yu)抽取(qu)(qu)(qu)。用(yong)取(qu)(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)盤來盛(sheng)取(qu)(qu)(qu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)，為(wei)(wei)保證測(ce)得(de)結果的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，不(bu)能(neng)對碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)任(ren)何(he)損(sun)傷。采用(yong)國外標(biao)準制作(zuo)襯紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)很麻(ma)煩，在(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程(cheng)中(zhong)我(wo)用(yong)電腦制圖找到一(yi)個(ge)簡單(dan)(dan)易行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。取(qu)(qu)(qu)0.1mm左右厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)打印紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)做基片；按圖1尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)用(yong)Word制圖，劃(hua)出一(yi)個(ge)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)合適的(de)(de)(de)(de)框(kuang)，復制滿(man)A4紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)打印（圖1是(shi)25mm隔(ge)距(ju)拉(la)伸(shen)尺(chi)寸(cun)(cun)。若50mm隔(ge)距(ju)拉(la)伸(shen)時，裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)長度(du)(du)應增加一(yi)倍）；直尺(chi)放與裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)線(xian)吻合后用(yong)刀(dao)片沿(yan)裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)線(xian)將實線(xian)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)裁(cai)除(chu)，然后兩端貼上5mm寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雙(shuang)面(mian)膠(jiao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；抽取(qu)(qu)(qu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)根(gen)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)，沿(yan)中(zhong)心虛(xu)線(xian)放上，并用(yong)雙(shuang)面(mian)膠(jiao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)定(ding)。也(ye)可以(yi)用(yong)融化后的(de)(de)(de)(de)松(song)香(xiang)，將單(dan)(dan)根(gen)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei) “焊(han)(han)接(jie)”在(zai)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框(kuang)上，其“焊(han)(han)點(dian)”起到固(gu)定(ding)單(dan)(dan)根(gen)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)（試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)證明(ming)：采用(yong)“焊(han)(han)接(jie)”方式(shi)沒有(you)雙(shuang)面(mian)膠(jiao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)固(gu)定(ding)方式(shi)好用(yong)，而且夾持試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)時要(yao)(yao)離(li)開“焊(han)(han)點(dian)”）；再(zai)用(yong)8～10mm寬(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)條，沿(yan)著裁(cai)切(qie)(qie)線(xian)寬(kuan)度(du)(du)方向覆(fu)蓋雙(shuang)面(mian)膠(jiao)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)品(pin)端頭(tou)，沿(yan)剪(jian)切(qie)(qie)線(xian)剪(jian)切(qie)(qie)，分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)離(li)成(cheng)(cheng)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)單(dan)(dan)個(ge)紙(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)框(kuang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)待測(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)。注意(yi)：碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)比(bi)較(jiao)困難(nan)，尤其處(chu)(chu)理后的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，很細，也(ye)很難(nan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)辨是(shi)一(yi)根(gen)還是(shi)兩根(gen)，根(gen)據實驗(yan)(yan)中(zhong)曲(qu)線(xian)對比(bi)進行(xing)判(pan)斷(duan)如果記錄下的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲(qu)線(xian)斜率明(ming)顯大(da)于(yu)(yu)其他(ta)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)很有(you)可能(neng)是(shi)兩根(gen)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，必要(yao)(yao)時可以(yi)用(yong)放大(da)鏡配合取(qu)(qu)(qu)樣(yang)(yang)(yang)。